Truncated bard1 protein, and its diagnostic and therapeutic uses

ABSTRACT

The invention concerns a novel polypeptide derived from the cleavage of the BARD1 protein, a nucleic acid encoding for said polypeptide, and their diagnostic and therapeutic uses, in particular for treating tumors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/363,285, which is a U.S. national phase application of International Patent Application No. PCT/FR01/02731 filed Sep. 3, 2001, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures, tables and amino acid or nucleic acid sequences.

The present invention relates to a novel polypeptide derived from cleavage of the BARD1 protein, and to its diagnostic and therapeutic uses.

The BARD1 protein is a 97 kD protein which interacts with the product of the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene, via ring motifs present on BRCA1 and BARD1 (for “BRCA1 Associated Ring Domain”) (Wu et al., 1996). The gene encoding this protein has recently been cloned (WO 98/12327).

The authors of the present invention have now identified a novel polypeptide which corresponds to a proteolytic fragment of BARD1, cleaved during the apoptotic process.

This truncated protein is very immunogenic and can be used, inter alia, in the treatment of cancers or in monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment with proapoptotic drugs of patients suffering from cancer.

A subject of the invention is therefore the isolated polypeptide which has a molecular weight of approximately 67 kD, as measured, for example, by electrophoresis under denaturing conditions (SDS-PAGE), and the sequence of which consists of the amino acid sequence of the BARD1 protein deleted of its N-terminal portion which comprises the RING domain.

More particularly, the polypeptide of the invention can be defined as consisting of approximately 505 to 525 amino acids from the C-terminal end of the human BARD1 protein (the known sequence of which is given in the annex SEQ ID No. 1). Even more particularly, the polypeptide of the invention consists of 525 to 522 C-terminal amino acids of human BARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1).

The polypeptide of the invention can, for example, be purified from the apoptotic bodies derived from colon or mammary carcinoma cell lines.

More particularly, the polypeptide of the invention can be obtained using the method consisting in:

-   -   culturing cells to confluency, for example cells belonging to a         cell line such as PROb, SW48 or MCF7;     -   inducing apoptosis of these cells by treating them 15 with a         culture medium containing 5 mM sodium butyrate (NaB), at 37° C.         for 24 hours;     -   adding isolated recombinant BARD1 protein;     -   incubating for a sufficient amount of time, for example 60         minutes at 37° C., so as to observe cleavage of the BARD1         protein to a 67 kDa form.

The polypeptide of the invention is recognized by an antibody directed against a polypeptide corresponding to amino acids 255 to 265 of BARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1).

The authors of the invention have, moreover, shown that hydrolysis of BARD1 occurs at an early stage of apoptosis and in a cell cycle-dependent manner. This hydrolysis is inhibited by EGTA and the calpain inhibitor I, N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleucinal (ALLnL), but not by several caspase inhibitors, which suggests hydrolysis by calcium-dependent cysteine proteases, calpains.

Any protein consisting of a sequence homologous to said sequence of 505 to 525 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1 is also included in the definition of the 67 kD polypeptide. A subject of the invention is also a nucleic acid encoding this truncated protein or homologues thereof.

The expression “homologous amino acid sequence” is intended to mean a sequence at least 70%, preferably 80%, more preferably 90%, similar to said sequence of 505 to 525 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:1.

The term “similar” refers to the complete resemblance or identity between the amino acids compared, but also to the incomplete resemblance, which is referred to as similarity. This search for similarity in a polypeptide sequence takes into account the conservative substitutions, which are substitutions of amino acids of the same class, such as substitutions of amino acids with uncharged side chains (such as asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, or tyrosine) of amino acids with base side chains (such as lysine, arginine or histidine), of amino acids with acidic side chains (such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid), of amino acids with apolar side chains (such as glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan or cysteine).

More generally, the expression “homologous amino acid sequence” is therefore intended to mean any amino acid sequence which differs from said sequence by substitution, deletion and/or insertion of an amino acid or of a small number of amino acids, in particular by substitution of natural amino acids with unnatural amino acids or pseudo amino acids, at positions such that these modifications do not significantly affect the biological properties mentioned above.

Homology is generally determined using sequence analysis software (for example, Sequence Analysis Software Package of the Genetics Computer Group University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, 1710 University Avenue, Madison, Wis. 53705). Similar amino acid sequences are aligned so as to obtain the maximum degree of homology (i.e. identity or similarity, as defined above). For this purpose, it may be necessary to artificially introduce gaps into the sequence. Once the optimal alignment has been carried out, the degree of homology is established by recording all the positions for which the amino acids of the two compared sequences are identical, with respect to the total number of positions.

The polypeptide of the present invention can be synthesized by all the methods well known to those skilled in the art. The polypeptide of the invention can, for example, be synthesized by the techniques of synthetic chemistry, such as synthesis of the Merrifield type, which is advantageous for reasons of purity, of antigenic specificity and of absence of undesired side products, and for its use of production.

The protein produced can then be recovered and purified.

The methods of purification used are known to those skilled in the art. The recombinant polypeptide obtained can be purified from cell lysates and extracts and/or from the culture medium supernatant, by methods used individually or in combination, such as fractionation, chromatography methods, immunoaffinity techniques using specific mono- or polyclonal antibodies, etc.

The polypeptide of the invention may, in particular, be purified from apoptotic bodies originating from tumor cells, by affinity chromatography on a column of antibodies specific for the C-terminal end of the BARD1 protein.

The nucleic acid sequence encoding the truncated BARD1 protein can be inserted into an expression vector, in which it is functionally linked to elements for regulating its expression, such as in particular promoters, activators and/or terminators of transcription.

A recombinant protein can then also be produced using a method in which a vector containing a nucleic acid as defined above is transferred into a host cell, which is cultured under conditions allowing the expression of the corresponding polypeptide.

The signals controlling the expression of nucleotide sequences (promoters, activators, termination sequences, etc.) are selected as a function of the cellular host used. To this effect, the nucleotide sequences according to the invention can be inserted into vectors which replicate autonomously within the selected host, or vectors which integrate in the selected host. Such vectors will be prepared according to the methods commonly used by those skilled in the art, and the clones resulting therefrom can be introduced into a suitable host by standard methods, such as, for example, electroporation or calcium phosphate precipitation.

The cloning and/or expression vectors as described above, comprising a defined nucleotide sequence according to the invention, are also part of the present invention.

The invention is also directed toward the host cells transfected, transiently, or stably with these expression vectors. These cells can be obtained by introducing, into prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells, a nucleotide sequence inserted into a vector as defined above, and then culturing said cells under conditions allowing the replication and/or expression of the transfected nucleotide sequence.

The properties of the truncated BARD1 protein according to the invention, or of the nucleic acid encoding this protein, as a tumor repressor can be taken advantage of in the treatment of tumors. This may involve any type of tumor, but more particularly breast cancers, ovarian cancers, lung cancers or cancers of the digestive tract, such as colon carcinomas.

A subject of the invention is therefore also a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide as defined above, or a nucleic acid encoding said polypeptide, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.

The methods of administration, the doses and the pharmaceutical forms of the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention, containing at least one polypeptide, can be determined in the usual manner by those skilled in the art, in particular according to the criteria generally taken into account in establishing a therapeutic treatment suitable for a patient, such as, for example, the age or bodyweight of the patient, the seriousness of his or her general condition, the tolerance to the treatment, and the side effects noted, etc.

In general, a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount ranging from approximately 0.1 μg to approximately 1 mg can be administered to human adults.

The subject of the invention is also a pharmaceutical composition comprising a nucleic acid as defined above, encoding the truncated BARD1 protein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, said composition being intended to be used in gene therapy. The nucleic acid, preferably inserted into a vector, generally a viral vector (such as adenoviruses and retroviruses), can be administered in naked form, free of any vehicle promoting transfer to the target cell, such as anionic liposomes, cationic lipids, microparticles, for example gold microparticles, precipitating agents, for example calcium phosphate, or any other agent facilitating transfection. In this case, the polynucleotide can be simply diluted in a physiologically acceptable solution, such as a sterile solution or a sterile buffer solution, in the presence or absence of a vehicle.

Alternatively, a nucleic acid of the invention can be combined with agents which facilitate transfection. It may, inter alia, be (i) combined with a chemical agent which modifies cellular permeability, such as bupivacaine; (ii) encapsulated in liposomes, optionally in the presence of additional substances facilitating transfection; or (iii) combined with cationic lipids or microparticles of silica, of gold or of tungsten.

When the nucleic acid constructs of the invention coat microparticles, these microparticles can be injected intradermally or intraepidermally via the “gene gun” technique (WO 94/24263).

The amount to be used as a medicinal product depends in particular on the nucleic acid construct itself, on the individual to whom this nucleic acid is administered, on the method of administration and the type of formulation, and on the pathological condition. In general, a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount ranging from approximately 0.1 μg to approximately 1 mg, preferably from approximately 1 μg to approximately 800 μg, and preferentially from approximately 25 μg to approximately 250 μg, can be administered to human adults.

The nucleic acid constructs of the invention can be administered via any conventional route of administration, such as in particular parenterally. The choice of the route of administration depends in particular on the formulation selected. An administration targeted to the site of the tumors targeted may be particularly advantageous.

Finally, a subject of the invention is therefore a method of therapeutic treatment, in which an effective amount of a truncated BARD1 protein as defined above, or a nucleic acid encoding this protein is administered to a patient requiring such a treatment, in the context of a gene therapy.

The intended patient is generally a human, but the application may also be extended to any mammal where appropriate.

The appearance of the truncated form of BARD1, which appears during apoptic processes, makes it possible, moreover, to follow, in vitro, the effectiveness of an anticancer treatment in a patient treated with pro-apoptopic drugs. For this, it is possible to use a method of in vitro detection of the 67 kD polypeptide of the invention in a biological sample, such as a sample of tumor tissues.

According to a variant, a method of in vitro detection of antibodies produced against the immunogenic 67 kD polypeptide, in a biological sample, such as a blood or urine sample from patients, can be used.

These methods can make use of the usual techniques of immunodetection, such as Western Blotting or immunohistochemistry for example, using an anti-BARD1 or anti-truncated BARI antibody, when it involves detecting the 67 kD polypeptide, or using said polypeptide or an epitope fragment thereof, when it involves detecting the antibodies.

More generally, the invention is also directed toward a method of in vitro detection of truncated BARD1 polypeptide or of anti-truncated BARD1 antibodies in a biological sample in which said biological sample is brought into contact with, respectively, an anti-truncated BARD1 antibody or a truncated BARD1 protein, or an epitope fragment, and the formation of immunocomplexes is observed, revealing the presence of truncated BARD1 protein or of anti-truncated BARD1 antibodies, respectively, in the biological sample.

The antibodies which are specifically directed against the truncated BARD1 protein are also part of the invention.

They may be poly- or monoclonal antibodies or fragments thereof, chimeric, in particular humanized or immunoconjugated, antibodies, or else labeled antibodies.

The polyclonal antibodies can be obtained from the serum of an animal immunized against a polypeptide according to the usual procedures.

According to one embodiment of the invention, a suitable peptide fragment of the BARD1 protein, which can be coupled via a reactor residue to a protein or another peptide, can be used as antigen. Rabbits are immunized with the equivalent of 1 mg of the peptide antigen according to the procedure described by Benoit et al. (1982). At four-week intervals, the animals are treated with injections of 200 μg of antigen, and bled 10 to 14 days later. After the third injection, the antiserum is examined in order to determine its ability to bind to the antigenic peptide, radiolabeled with iodine, prepared by the chloramine-T method, and is then purified by chromatography on a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) ion exchange column. The antibody molecules are then collected from the mammals and isolated to the desired concentration by methods well known to those skilled in the art, for example using DEAE Sephadex to obtain the IgG fraction.

In order to improve the specificity of the polyclonal serum, the antibodies can be purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using immunizing polypeptides in solid phase. The antibody is brought into contact with the immunizing polypeptide in solid phase for a sufficient amount of time so as to immunoreact the polypeptide with the antibody molecule in order to form an immunocomplex in solid phase.

The monoclonal antibodies can be obtained according to the conventional method of hybridoma culture described by Kohler and Milstein (1975).

The following examples and figures illustrate the invention without limiting the scope thereof.

LEGENDS OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows an amino acid sequence alignment for the human (SEQ ID NO:1), rat (SEQ ID NO:6) and mouse (SEQ ID NO:5) BARD1 proteins. The sequences corresponding to the RING motif to the three ankyrin repeats and to the two BRCT domains in tandem are marked. The conserved Q564H mutation of the BARD1 human protein is also indicated. The sequences are aligned by introducing gaps so as to attain the maximum identity of the amino acid sequences. The values for the amino acids identity are then calculated by considering each space as a single dissimilarity (Table 1). The rat BARD1 cDNA sequence is available on EMBL under the accession number AF182946 (SEQ ID NO:10), that of mouse under the number AF057157 (SEQ ID NO:8) and that of humans under the Genbank number U76638 (SEQ ID NO:7).

FIG. 2A represents a Western blotting analysis of proteins of rat and human carcinoma cells and of their apoptotic bodies revealed with a rat anti-BARD1 monoclonal antibody 6D10.

FIG. 2B represents the same type of analysis, with revelation using an anti-human polyclonal antibody 669D. It should be noted that a.b. signifies apoptotic body.

FIG. 2C represents a Western Blotting analysis of apoptotic body proteins, first carried out using an anti-mouse BARD1 polyclonal antibody WFS. The immunocomplexes are dissociated using the chemicon kit and the filter is further subjected to an anti-human BARD1 antibody 669D.

FIG. 2D represents an immunoprecipitation of lysates of apoptotic body derived from several carcinoma cells, with revelations in an anti-human BARD1 antibody 669D. The precipitate was subjected to electrophoresis and then immunoblotting was carried out with serum from rats immunized with PROb apoptotic bodies, diluted to 1/250.

FIG. 3A represents an analysis of the products of in vitro hydrolysis of the human BARD1 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) by SW48 cell lysates treated at confluency with 5 mM of sodium butyrate for 24 hours. The apoptotic bodies recovered from the supernatant (1) or the adherent cells (2) were solubilized in a DIV buffer and added to a human BARD1 protein labeled with ³⁵S-methionine. After incubation for 4 hours at 37° C., the hydrolysis products were separated by SDS-PAGE and autoradiographed using phosphorimager.

FIG. 3B represents the same type of analysis, the adherent cells being solubilized in DIV buffer and incubated with a human BARD1 protein labeled with ³⁵S-methionine for 0 to 3 hours respectively (TO to T3).

FIG. 4 is a graph representing PROb tumor growth BDIX rats after vaccination with the F1 fragment BARD 1 or a control protein (fucosyl transferase).

EXAMPLES Example 1 Identification of a 67 kD Protein as a Product of Cleavage of the BARD1 Protein Materials and Methods: Cell Cultures

The REGb rat colon carcinoma cells and PROb rat colon adenocarcinoma cells used are derived from a cell line induced with dimethylhydrazine (Caignard et al., 1985). The 13762 rat breast carcinoma, the SW48 human colon carcinoma and the MCF7 breast carcinoma were obtained from the ECACC. The cells were cultured in monolayer cultures at 37° C. in RMPI 1640 medium (Gibco) with 10% of fetal calf serum and 2 mM of glutamine. The cells were subcultured with 0.025% of trypsin and 0.02% of EDTA.

Immunoscreening and Cloning of the Rat BARD1 cDNA (SEQ ID NO:10)

A cDNA library of the PROb rat carcinoma cell line was constructed in the λTriplEx expression vector (Clontech). One million plaques were screened with sera from rats vaccinated with apoptotic antibodies and IL-2 (Boisteau et al., 1997). The antibodies against E. coli were removed from the rat antisera by incubating sonicated E. coli bacteria with serum diluted to 1/10 in PBS plus 5% of dehydrated skimmed milk, for 4 hours at ambient temperature, and then centrifuged at 13,000 g for 10 minutes. The 456 base pair insert (fragment F1) was sequenced and the sequence is subjected to analysis on the NCB1 gene bank. It represented a strong homology with the human BARD1 protein. The complete rat BARD1 cDNA (SEQ ID NO:10) was cloned using the PROb cDNA library constructed with the PCR SMART kit from Clontech. The internal primers for the RACE PCR were selected based on the insert cloned according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Cloning of the Human BARD1 cDNA

Three human BARD1 cDNA fragments were amplified from total RNA extracted from SW48 human colon carcinoma cell lines. The fragments, designated A, B, and C, were obtained using the following primers: fragment A sense primer R135S/antisense primer B202N (Thai et al., 1998); fragment B, sense primer B202A (Thai et al., 1998); antisense primer: 5′ CACCAATGCCTTATGCTGGAGC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:2); fragment C, sense primer: 5′ GAAGTAGTGACTCCTGAGAAGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO:3)/antisense primer 5′ TCAGCTGTCAAGAGGAAGCAACTC 3′ (SEQ ID NO:4). Each fragment was cloned into a pGEM plasmid (Promega), then excised using Not1-Pst1/Pst1-Hind III/Hind III-Bst XI, respectively, purified, and then ligated into the Not1/Bst XI sites of pGEM.

Apoptotic Induction and Purification of Apoptotic Bodies

Apoptosis was induced by treatment with sodium butyrate (NaB). The cells at different stages of confluence were treated in complete medium at 37° C. and with 5 mM of NaB (Sigma) for various periods of time. The apoptotic bodies were purified as previously described (Gautier et al., 1999):

Production and Purification of F1 Fragments of Rat BARD1

The F1 fragment of rat BARD1 (SEQ ID NO:9) was excised from the plasmid λ Triplex of the cDNA library and inserted, in frame, into the Pst1 site of the plasmid pQE32 (Qiagen). The resulting fusion protein, containing a 6×His tag placed at the N-terminal end of the F1 fragment of BARD1 (SEQ ID NO:9), was expressed in E. coli, then purified by affinity chromatography on a Ni-NTA resin using the manufacturer's recommendations for the QIA a expressionist kit (Qiagen).

Immunization of the Mice and Production of Monoclonal Antibody

Balb-c mice (Iffa-credo) were given subcutaneous injections of 100 μg of the F1 fragment of rat BARD1 (SEQ ID NO:9) in 0.1 ml of incomplete Freund's adjuvant (Life Technologies) emulsified in 0.1 ml of sterile PBS buffer containing 0.5% of Triton X-100, 3 weeks apart. The splenocytes of a mouse were fused with the SP20 mouse myloma (ECACC) in the presence of polyethylene glycol 1500 (Boehringer Mannheim) The hybridomas were deposited onto 96-well plates in complete medium supplemented with 20% of fetal calf serum, hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (Sigma) and 1.5 ng/ml of recombinant IL6 (RD Systems). The hybridome supernatants were tested by ELISA using a purified BARD1 F1 fragment (SEQ ID NO:9) as antigen.

Immunoprecipitation

The apoptotic bodies were extracted on ice with 2% of Triton X-100 in PBS supplemented with a cocktail of protease inhibitors free of EDTA (Boehringer Mannheim) for 30 minutes. The extract was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 13,000 g and the supernatant was incubated with rabbit polyclonal antibodies directed against the human BARD1 protein (669D) (SEQ ID NO:1) (Wu et al., 1996 and Jin et al., 1997), diluted to 1/1000. After incubation for 4 hours, with constant stirring, the immunocomplexes were immunoprecipitated by adding 50 μl of anti-rabbit IgG agarose. The immunocomplexes bound to the agarose were washed with PBS containing 1% of Triton X-100 and protease inhibitors and were extracted from the agarose beads by heating in a reducing buffer for electrophoresis and immunoblotting as described below.

Western Blotting

The electrophoresis was carried out under denaturing conditions (SDS PAGE) (Laemmli et al., 1970). The proteins were transferred onto a 0.45 μm PVDF filter (Millipore) and brought into contact with primary antibodies. Secondary antibodies conjugated to horseradish peroxidase were used, diluted to 1/15000 (Sigma). The immunocomplexes were visualized by chemiluminescence using a Super Signal kit (Pierce).

Coupled in vitro Transcription/Translation and Determination of Cleavage of the Protein in vitro:

The human BARD1 protein (SEQ ID NO:1), labeled with ³⁵S-methionine, was transcribed and translated in vitro using the TNT coupled reticulocytes lysate system kit (Promega). 1 μg of plasmid was used in a reaction medium for the transcription and the translation, containing 4 μl of ³⁵S-methionine (NEN). For the in vitro cleavage, 2 μl of transcription/translation products were incubated with apoptotic or nonapoptotic cell extracts prepared in a DIV buffer (20 mM HEPES. PH 7.5, 10 mM NaCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% SB14, 0.5 mM PMSF) at 37° C. for the period of time indicated. The hydrolysis products were then separated by SDS-PAGE and revealed by autoradiography using the phosphorimager 445SI (Molecular Dynamics). Inhibition of the cleavage was evaluated by adding caspase inhibitors or a proteasome inhibitor (lactacystine) (Calbiochem) or the calpain inhibitor I (ALLnL) (Chemicon).

Cell Cycle Synchronization

The SW48 cells were arrested in G₀ by contact inhibition in 175 cm² flasks. After confluencing for 3 days, the cells were split 1:10 in 75 cm² flasks at a concentration of 3×10⁶ cells per flask. 12, 20, 28, 36 and 44 hours after seeding, the cells were treated with 5 mM of NaB for 24 hours and collected. To determine the cell cycle distribution at each time, the content of each flask was subjected to trypsinization, washed three times in 10 ml of ice-cold PBS, and fixed with 1 ml of ice-cold 70% ethanol, added dropwise, for 16 hours at −20° C. The fixed cells were pelletted, resuspended in 500 μl of PC buffer (96% 0.2M Na₂HPO₄, 4% 15 0.1M citric acid, pH 7.8) and left at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. They were then washed and resuspended in 500 μl of propidium iodide in a staining solution (PBS, 0.12% Triton X-100, 0.12 mM EDTA, 100 μg/ml RNase A), incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. and analyzed on a FACScan (flow cytometer) (Beckton Dickinson). To determine the cleavage of the protein in vitro, the cells were scraped and the cell extracts were prepared as previously described.

Results

Cloning of the cDNA Encoding the 67 kD Protein

The immunoscreening of the λTriplEx cDNA library with sera from rats treated for a carcinoma with apoptotic bodies/IL-2 led to the identification of a positive insert of 456 pairs of the rat BARD1 gene (F1 fragment) (SEQ ID NO:10). This fragment extends between amino acids 460 to 611 (FIG. 1) (SEQ ID NO:9). Table 1 below gives the percentage homology between the rat (SEQ ID NO:6), human (SEQ ID NO:1) and mouse (SEQ ID NO:5) BARD1 protein.

Percentage Homology between the Rat, Human and Mouse BARD1 Protein

Species Total RING Ankyrin BRCT Rat/mouse 87.9 95.5 93.9 94.2 Rat/human 64.8 86.6 90.9 80.3 Mouse/human 67.5 86.6 90.9 79.7

The 67 kD Protein is a Fragment of BARD1

In order to be able to prove the identity of the 67 kD protein, as a fragment of BARD1, the authors of the invention determined its expression in the tumor cells and the apoptotic bodies. For this purpose, produce monoclonal antibodies (clone 6DI0) against F1 fragment (SEQ ID NO:9). When it was tested on PROb and REGb rat carcinoma cells, the monoclonal antibodies 6D10 recognized a 97 kD protein, but also a band of approximately 67 kD in the apoptotic bodies derived from the cells after treatment with sodium butyrate (FIG. 2A). This result was confirmed using a polyclonal antibody 669D (Wu et al., 1996 and Jin et al., 1997) against the human BARD1 protein (SEQ ID NO:1). Treatment of SV48 human colon cells or MCF7 mammary gland cells with sodium butyrate led to a similar result after immunoblotting with a polyclonal antibody 669D (FIG. 2B). Finally, immunoprecipitation of BARD1 from apoptotic bodies derived from rat human carcinomas, with the polyclonal antibody 669D, followed by immunoblotting with a treated rat serum, made it possible to detect a 67 kD protein (FIG. 2D). This set of results proves the identity of the 67 kD protein as a fragment of BARD1.

BARD1 is Cleaved During Apoptosis

When the apoptotic bodies derived either from human MCF7 carcinomas or from rat PROb carcinoma were incubated, on the same membrane, successively with the anti-human BARD1 polyclonal antibody 669D or the antibody WFS against the N-terminal portion of the mouse BARD1 protein (amino acids 101-114 of SEQ ID NO:5) (Irminger-Finger 1988), the authors of the invention observe that the antibody WFS did not recognize the 67 kD molecule, while the antibody 669D recognized the 67 kD molecule in each of the types of apoptotic body (FIG. 2C). This strongly suggests that the BARD1 cleavage site is located in the N-terminal portion, but downstream of the RING domain (amino acids 40-84 of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:5, and SEQ ID NO:6, FIG. 1) essential for the interaction of the BARD1 and BRCA1 proteins (Wu el al., 1996).

The Cleavage of BARD1 During Apoptosis is Cell Cycle Dependent

The authors of the invention examined the effect of the treatment with NaB for the cleavage of BARD1 in the adherent SW48 cells or in the apoptotic bodies collected from the supernatant. FIG. 3A shows that the adherent cell lysates completely cleave the radiolabeled human BARD1 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) after 4 hours of incubation, since the full length human BARD1 protein (SEQ ID NO:1) completely disappears and the 67 kD protein appears. However, incubation with lysates of apoptotic bodies has no effect on the hydrolysis of hBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1). These results indicate that the proteolytic activity involved in the cleavage of BARD1 intervenes before the ultimate step of apoptosis which leads to the formation of apoptotic bodies and to cell detachment. Analysis of the kinetics leading to the hydrolysis of hBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1) with lysates of the SW48 adherent cells treated for 48 hours with 5 mM of NaB showed that the cleavage is finished after one hour (FIG. 3B). Further analysis of the kinetic induction of this cleavage by NaB showed that the p67 protein appeared after 4 hours of treatment of the cells with NaB and that the cleavage was virtually complete after 12 hours. Interestingly, the hydrolysis of hBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1) is regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner, with a predominance during the G₀/G₁ phase. This was demonstrated by addition of NaB 32 hours after rupturing of the cells, a stage at which 80% of the cells were in G₀/G₁ phase and only 5% in G2/M phase, which led to complete conversion of hBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1) to p67.

Example 2 Cleavage with Calpains Materials and Methods Determination of the Caspase Activity

For assaying the caspase activity, 10 μg of cell extracts were diluted in 5 μl of DIV buffer:

Acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (Ac-DEVD-AMC), acetyl-Val-Glu-Ile-Asp-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (Ac-VEID-AMC) and acetyl-Ile-Glu-Ile-Asp-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (Ac-IEID-AMC) (Bachem), substrates for caspases 3, 6 and 8, respectively, were added at a final concentration of 50 μM. The cleavage activity was controlled on Fluorolite 1000 (Dynatech laboratories).

Cellular Fraction

The cells were cultured in 75 cm² flasks, trypsinized, and resuspended in 100 μl of CEB buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 50 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM DTT, 10 μM cytochalasin B). The resuspended cells were left on ice for 30 minutes and then homogenized with 50 strokes of a Dounce homogenizer, and cooled in ice. The nucleic fraction was prepared by centrifugation at 800×g for 10 minutes at 4° C. The pellet was resuspended in a CEB buffer and stored at −80° C. The mitochondrial and post-mitochondrial fractions were obtained after centrifugation at 13,000×g for 10 minutes at 4° C. Both the mitochondrial pellet resuspended in CEB and the post-mitochondrial fractions were divided into aliquot fractions and stored at −80° C.

Results

To define the proteolytic activity responsible for the cleavage of hBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1), various preparations of cell extracts from SW48 cells treated with NAB were tested. It appears that both the nuclear preparations and the mitochondrial preparations were capable of cleaving hBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1). The supernatant at 13,000×g of the organelle preparation had no effect.

The cascade of proteases which are effectors of the apoptotic process comprises cysteine proteases such as caspases or calpains. The authors of the invention then determined the caspase activities during the treatment of the SW48 cells with NaB, using specific substrates, and found that the activities of caspases 3, 6 and 8 gradually increased, caspase 3 being the most active after 6 hours and 12 hours of NaB treatment. The use of peptide inhibitors for the caspases showed that benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone (ZVAD-fmk), a caspase inhibitor, slightly inhibited the hydrolysis of hBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1) at high concentration (100 μM). On the other hand, the inhibitors specific for caspase 3,benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethylketone (Z-DEVD-frnk) (SEQ ID NO:11) or for caspase 6, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Glu-Ile-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VEID-fmk) (SEQ ID NO:12), had no effect. This phenomenon was confirmed by the fact that purified caspase 3 had no effect on the hydrolysis of hBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1). These results clearly show that HBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1) is not a direct substrate for caspases. In addition, lactacystine, a proteasome inhibitor, does not block the proteolysis of hBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1), even at concentrations of 100 μm, this excluding the possibility of the proteasome being involved in this mechanism.

A certain number of proteins which had degraded during apoptosis are targets for calpains. A possible mechanism for the activation of calpains involves the cleavage of a calpain inhibitor in vivo, calpastatin (DeMartino et al., 1984). The results of the authors of the invention show, firstly, that calpastatin was completely cleaved in the SW48 cells after 12 hours of treatment with NaB and, secondly, that the calpain inhibitor I, ALLnL, and EGTA strongly inhibited the hydrolysis of hBARD1 (SEQ ID NO:1) in a dose-dependent manner. This set of results strongly suggests that the BARD1 protein is hydrolyzed by calpains.

Example 3 Purification of the Cleaved BARD1 Protein Production of Antibodies Specific for the Translated Protein

Poly- and monoclonal antibodies directed against peptide sequences are located at the N- and C-terminal ends of the truncated proteins are produced:

-   -   against peptide 1 corresponding to amino acids 255 to 265 of the         human BARD1 protein (SEQ ID NO:1);     -   against peptide 2 corresponding to amino acids 527 to 540 of the         human BARD1 protein (SEQ ID NO:1).

The peptides were coupled to KLH. Each rabbit was given three injections of 200 μg of each peptide, 15 days apart. A fourth injection was given three weeks after the last injection. The production of antibodies was tested on the serum of the rabbit by the ELISA technique using the free peptides as antigen.

The titers of the sera obtained were high (1/16000). In addition, no cross reactivity was observed between the sera of the two peptides.

Purification of the Cleaved BARD1 Protein

These antibodies allow the authors of the invention to purify the truncated protein, by affinity chromatography, either from apoptotic bodies or tumor cells or from the whole BARD1 protein produced and cleaved in vitro as described above.

The purification is carried out using standard techniques of affinity chromatography. The purified fractions are identified by western blotting with the antibodies produced.

Example 4 Vaccination of the Rats with the Truncated BARD1 Protein (SEQ ID NO:9) Materials and Methods

Two groups of BDIX rats were given three weekly intraplantar injections of 100 μg of F1 fragment (amino acids 460-611) of BARD1 (SEQ ID NO:9) or of a controlled protein (fucosyl transferase) purified under the same conditions as the F1 fragment. The proteins were emulsified in 100 μl of complete Freund's adjuvant. Two weeks after the final immunization, the rat colon tumor cells (PROb, 50×10³/rat) were injected subcutaneously and the volume of the PROb tumors was estimated.

Result

A slowing down of tumor growth is observed, thus demonstrating the protective effect of a vaccination with a BARD1 fragment derived from the 67 kD form (FIG. 4) (each point represents the mean of the tumor volumes measured on 6 rats, with the standard deviation).

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

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1. A method for treating tumors which method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising a polypeptide fragment which has a molecular weight of approximately 67 kD, wherein the polypeptide consists essentially of 505 to 525 contiguous amino acids from amino acid position 252 to amino acid position 777 of the C-terminal end of BARD1 of SEQ ID NO:1 to a subject bearing a tumor.
 2. An antibody specifically directed against the polypeptide which has a molecular weight of approximately 67 kD, wherein the polypeptide consists essentially of 505 to 525 contiguous amino acids from amino acid position 252 to amino acid position 777 of the C-terminal end of BARD1.
 3. An in vitro method of monitoring effectiveness of an anticancer treatment in a patient treated with pro-apoptotic drugs, which method comprises detecting antibodies directed against a polypeptide fragment which has a molecular weight of approximately 67 kD, wherein the polypeptide consists essentially of 505 to 525 contiguous amino acids from amino acid position 252 to amino acid position 777 of the C-terminal end of BARD1 of SEQ ID NO:1.
 4. An in vitro method of monitoring effectiveness of an anticancer treatment in a patient treated with pro-apoptotic drugs, which method comprises detecting a polypeptide fragment which has a molecular weight of approximately 67 kD, wherein the polypeptide consists essentially of 505 to 525 contiguous amino acids from amino acid position 252 to amino acid position 777 of the C-terminal end of BARD1 of SEQ ID NO:1 in a biological sample.
 5. A method of in vitro detection of a polypeptide which has a molecular weight of approximately 67 kD, and the sequence of which consists of 505 to 525 amino acids from the C-terminal end of BARD1, in a biological sample, which method comprises: (i) contacting a biological sample with an antibody according to claim 2, under conditions sufficient to allow formation of immunocomplexes between the antibody and said polypeptide likely to be contained in the biological sample; and (ii) detecting the formation of the immunocomplexes, the formation of which reveals the presence of the polypeptide.
 6. A method of in vitro detection of an antibody according to claim 2, in a biological sample, which method comprises: (i) contacting a biological sample with a polypeptide which has a molecular weight of approximately 67 kD, and the sequence of which consists of 505 to 525 amino acids from the C-terminal end of BARD1, under conditions sufficient to allow formation of immunocomplexes between said polypeptide and any antibody contained in the biological sample; and (ii) detecting the formation of said immunocomplexes, the formation of which reveals the presence of the antibody. 